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An introduction to writing mathematical expressions in Matplotlib.

1. Expression Web 3
2. Expression Number 3
3. Math Expressions 3

You can use a subset TeX markup in any matplotlib text string by placing itinside a pair of dollar signs ($).

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Note that you do not need to have TeX installed, since Matplotlib shipsits own TeX expression parser, layout engine, and fonts. The layout engineis a fairly direct adaptation of the layout algorithms in Donald Knuth'sTeX, so the quality is quite good (matplotlib also provides a usetexoption for those who do want to call out to TeX to generate their text (seeText rendering With LaTeX).

Any text element can use math text. You should use raw strings (precede thequotes with an 'r'), and surround the math text with dollar signs ($), asin TeX. Regular text and mathtext can be interleaved within the same string.Mathtext can use DejaVu Sans (default), DejaVu Serif, the Computer Modern fonts(from (La)TeX), STIX fonts (with are designedto blend well with Times), or a Unicode font that you provide. The mathtextfont can be selected with the customization variable mathtext.fontset (seeCustomizing Matplotlib with style sheets and rcParams)

Here is a simple example:

produces 'alpha > beta'.

Whereas this:

produces '.

Note

Mathtext should be placed between a pair of dollar signs ($). To make iteasy to display monetary values, e.g., '$100.00', if a single dollar signis present in the entire string, it will be displayed verbatim as a dollarsign. This is a small change from regular TeX, where the dollar sign innon-math text would have to be escaped ('$').

Note

While the syntax inside the pair of dollar signs ($) aims to be TeX-like,the text outside does not. In particular, characters such as:

have special meaning outside of math mode in TeX. Therefore, thesecharacters will behave differently depending on the rcParam text.usetexflag. See the usetex tutorial for moreinformation.

Subscripts and superscripts¶

To make subscripts and superscripts, use the '_' and '^' symbols:

Some symbols automatically put their sub/superscripts under and over theoperator. For example, to write the sum of from to, you could do:

Fractions, binomials, and stacked numbers¶

Fractions, binomials, and stacked numbers can be created with thefrac{}{}, binom{}{} and genfrac{}{}{}{}{}{} commands,respectively:

produces

Fractions can be arbitrarily nested:

produces

Note that special care needs to be taken to place parentheses and bracketsaround fractions. Doing things the obvious way produces brackets that are toosmall:

The solution is to precede the bracket with left and right to informthe parser that those brackets encompass the entire object.:

Radicals¶

Radicals can be produced with the sqrt[]{} command. For example:

Any base can (optionally) be provided inside square brackets. Note that thebase must be a simple expression, and can not contain layout commands such asfractions or sub/superscripts:

Fonts¶

The default font is italics for mathematical symbols.

Note

This default can be changed using the mathtext.default rcParam. This isuseful, for example, to use the same font as regular non-math text for mathtext, by setting it to regular.

To change fonts, e.g., to write 'sin' in a Roman font, enclose the text in afont command:

More conveniently, many commonly used function names that are typeset ina Roman font have shortcuts. So the expression above could be written asfollows:

Here 's' and 't' are variable in italics font (default), 'sin' is in Romanfont, and the amplitude 'A' is in calligraphy font. Note in the example abovethe calligraphy A is squished into the sin. You can use a spacingcommand to add a little whitespace between them:

The choices available with all fonts are:

When using the STIX fonts, you also have thechoice of:

There are also three global 'font sets' to choose from, which areselected using the mathtext.fontset parameter in matplotlibrc.

cm: Computer Modern (TeX)

stix: STIX (designed to blend well with Times)

stixsans: STIX sans-serif

Additionally, you can use mathdefault{..} or its aliasmathregular{..} to use the font used for regular text outside ofmathtext. There are a number of limitations to this approach, most notablythat far fewer symbols will be available, but it can be useful to make mathexpressions blend well with other text in the plot.

Custom fonts¶

mathtext also provides a way to use custom fonts for math. This method isfairly tricky to use, and should be considered an experimental feature forpatient users only. By setting the rcParam mathtext.fontset to custom,you can then set the following parameters, which control which font file to usefor a particular set of math characters.

Each parameter should be set to a fontconfig font descriptor (as defined in theyet-to-be-written font chapter).

The fonts used should have a Unicode mapping in order to find anynon-Latin characters, such as Greek. If you want to use a math symbolthat is not contained in your custom fonts, you can set the rcParammathtext.fallback_to_cm to True which will cause the mathtext systemto use characters from the default Computer Modern fonts whenever a particularcharacter can not be found in the custom font.

Note that the math glyphs specified in Unicode have evolved over time, and manyfonts may not have glyphs in the correct place for mathtext.

Accents¶

An accent command may precede any symbol to add an accent above it. There arelong and short forms for some of them.

In addition, there are two special accents that automatically adjust to thewidth of the symbols below:

Care should be taken when putting accents on lower-case i's and j's. Note thatin the following imath is used to avoid the extra dot over the i:

Symbols¶

You can also use a large number of the TeX symbols, as in infty,leftarrow, sum, int.

Lower-case Greek

Upper-case Greek

Hebrew

Delimiters

Big symbols

Standard function names

Binary operation and relation symbols

Expression Web 3

Arrow symbols

Miscellaneous symbols

If a particular symbol does not have a name (as is true of many of the moreobscure symbols in the STIX fonts), Unicode characters can also be used:

Example¶

Expression Number 3

Here is an example illustrating many of these features in context.

Math Expressions 3

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